Put a heart before each statement that you think is a sign of a healthy relationship; put an x on each statement that you think is a sign of an unhealthy relationship. Economic Factors. Comparative advantage is an economic term that describes and explains trade between two countries. Kung may pagbabagong magaganap sa akin malalaman ko kung may pag unlad sa aking sarili. If, then, the government of Country A imposes a protective tariff on imports of commodity Y, and it forcibly maintains an industry producing that commodity, this special privilege will injure the consumers in Country A as well as obviously injuring the people in Country B. In other words, a country has an absolute advantage in producing a good or service if it can produce . [An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought (1995)]. For Country A, as well as the rest of the world, loses the advantage of specializing in the production of what it is most best at, since many of its scarce resources are compulsorily and inefficiently tied up in the production of commodity Y. The law of comparative advantage highlights the important fact that a protective tariff in Country A wreaks injury on the efficient industries in that country, and the consumers in that country, as well as on Country B and the rest of the world. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . There are, after all, precious few banana growers in the US demanding a protective tariff. The discovery of the law of comparative advantage came considerably earlier. Specifically, a theorem and several corollaries are derived which establish correlations between vectors of trade and vectors . Along a straight road, an ice cream vendor is 3m from jose and 5m from pedro. It turns out, however, that this standard viewpoint is wrong in both its crucial parts, i.e., Torrens did not baptize the law, and Ricardo scarcely elaborated or fought for it. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, Sino ang Nagpaliwanag ng Law of Comparative Advantage, Ito ay may habang 4,160 milya Dumadaloy mula katimugan mula katimugan patungong hilaga A. Nile River B. Yellow River C. Pasig River D. Sinaloa River , Bakit mahalaga na may pagtutulungan at magandang ugnayan ang mga mamamayan ng iba't ibang bansa?. In consequence, the cost of subsistence kept increasing, and hence the prevailing (which must be the subsistence) money wage kept increasing as well. Hindi mahirap maging Nurse. Taichi Tabuchi. Junior High School. Until recently, it has been universally believed by historians of economic thought that David Ricardo first set forth the law of comparative advantage in his Principles of Political Economy in 1817. The comparative advantage formula is an economic factor Economic Factor Economic factors are external, environmental factors that influence business performance, such as interest rates, inflation, unemployment, and economic growth, among others. [1] Paraan ng pamumuhay ng bansang netherlands Pinuno ng athens na kumumbinsi sa mga tao na magtungo sa isla ng salamis Saan relihiyon ang tawag sa mga tagasunod ay sikh Ito ay pagsasama-sama ng mga bagay upang magamit sa pagpapalawak ng produksyon sa hinaharapa. University. "Papayagan na ng Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) ang optional na pagsusuot ng face maskslaban sa COVID-19 sa lugar ng trabaho kahit sa indoo Social Studies. In the July 1814 issue of the Eclectic Review, Mill defended free trade against Malthus's support for the Corn Laws in his Observations. girly61. Q. David Ricardo theory states that ____ The comparative advantage Hours/units PORTUGAL ENGLAND VIN: X litres 80 120 Clothes : Y metres 90 100 The comparative advantage depends on the comparison in the productivity. sumulat ng aklat na "the republic" francois quesnay at physiocrats. nagbigay pansin sa pribadong pagmamayari. tayis. Immediately, young William Spence (17831860), an English Physiocrat and underconsumptionist who detested industry, published his Britain Independent of Commerce in 1807, advising Englishmen not to worry about the blockade, since only agriculture was economically important; and if English landlords would only spend all their incomes on consumption all would be well. nagpahayag ng malthusian theory. The productivity is X/80 4. Ngunit ang konsepto ng lubos na kalamangan ay iniuugnay kay David Ricardo, na nagpaliwanag sa cncept sa kanyang aklat na 'On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation'. Comparative advantage continues to affect decisions in the commercial real estate industry. But Ricardo's line of argument was exclusively "Ricardian," that is, based solely on the distinctive Ricardian system. -ang pagtuloy na paggamit ng tao sa mga likas na yaman ay naging dahilan ng pagliit ng nakukuha mula sa mga ito. In layman's terms, the law of comparative advantage means that, if you can easily grow apples but have to work hard hard to grow oranges, and your friend Joe has an easier time growing oranges than apples, it makes sense for you both to stick to your specialties and trade resources. ang pag-aaral ng mga . In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Revealed Comparative Advantage: A measure of relative competitive performance of a country's exporters of a particular product or class of goods. While comparative advantage encourages specialization in relation to production costs and comparative advantages of other nations, absolute advantage . Nagpaliwanag ng Law of Comparative Advantage. Ano ang kahulugan ng kakahuyan? Mobility. This applies to international trade where a country can produce a certain good or service at a cheaper cost than another nation. If Ricardo had no interest in the theory of comparative advantage, and never wrote about it except in this single passage in the Principles, what was it doing in the Principles at all? 28.10.2019 16:29. Tu ne cede malis,sed contra audentior ito, Website powered by Mises Institute donors, Mises Institute is a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Comparative advantage is a relatively subtle concept and requires some care in defining it. your partne. In fact Dunning, J. H. (2000) estimate that competitive advantage which is a type of comparative advantage is at the heart of company motivation and ability to operate internationally as an MNC. But this inevitable secular increase of wages must lower profits in agriculture, which in turn brings down all profits. This is a relatively easy case to argue. In 1817 he published his thoughts on economics, including what is now called the law of comparative advantage, sometimes called the theory of comparative advantage. The law of association, which is a generalization of Ricardo's law of comparative advantage, is one of the most fundamental laws in economics, which explains the benefits of international trade in the macroscopic level and the division of labour in the microscopic one. Comparative advantage stipulates that countries should specialize in a certain class of products for export, but import the rest - even if the country holds an absolute advantage in all products. Some of the factors that can lead an entity to. This is a foundational concept in economics that is used to model international trade and the competitiveness of nations. The concept of comparative advantage was first formulated by economist David Ricardo as an explanation of the benefits of international trade for countries. Mill pointed out that labor at home will, by engaging in foreign trade, procure more by buying imports than by producing all goods themselves. when you were a kid? lupa Itinuturing itong pinakamatandang relihiyon sa daigdig Anong opinion mo sa cr ng pampublikong paaralan Ano ang kahulugan ng mga salita: 1. kabihasnan 2. sibilisasyon 3. imperyo What specific gout policy do you like the most in terms of contributing to the development of science and technology in the philippines? Consider 2 countries (the United States and the United Kingdom) that use input such as labor to produce 2 different goods: cloth and wine. Tax ID# 52-1263436, The Ricardian Law of Comparative Advantage, History of the Austrian School of Economics. Therefore, it only makes sense for the . Comparative Advantage Theory - A look at David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage What are the things you remember in your environment A country's absolute advantage (or disadvantage) in a particular industry can play an important role in the types of products it chooses to produce. PDF | On Jan 25, 2014, K M V Sachithra and others published Comparative Advantage in International Trade: A Study Based on Leading Exports in Sri Lanka | Find, read and cite all the research you . This raises the question of how smaller countries with relatively weak . Thomas Robert Malthus Father of Modern Employment Theory. In addition, comparative advantage as a basis for understanding international trade is limited by the distance between the trading partners thereby increasing the transaction cost. Comparative Advantage and Trade. Plato. 3 months ago. . But what if the case is not that clear-cut, and American steel or semi-conductor firms are demanding such protection? As we have seen, Mill originated the doctrine of comparative cost, and led in developing it eight years later. when you were a kid? Kasinhalaga ng quality ang tama at patok na pagbebenta ng produkto at serbisyong inyong inaalok. The cost of corn, and therefore of subsistence, will fall sharply, and therefore money wage rates will fall pari passu, thereby raising profits and stimulating capital investment and economic growth. The theory of comparative advantage introduces. *Law of Comparative Advantage -prinsipiyo na nagsasaad na higit na kapaki-pakinabang sa isang bansa na magprodyus ng mga produkto ng higit na mura ang gastos sa paggawa (production cost) kaysa sa ibang bansa. Six years later, James Mill led Robert Torrens again in presenting the rudiments of the law of comparative advantage. Mill's discussion was largely repeated by Torrens in his Essay on the External Corn Trade, published in February of the following year. For, first, James Mill had a far better presentation of the law though scarcely a complete one in his Commerce Defended than did Torrens later the same year. Ang katumbas na bentahe ay maaaring inilarawan bilang kakayahan ng . The theory of comparative advantage introduces opportunity cost as a factor for analysis in choosing between different options for production. Difference Between Absolute Advantage vs Comparative Advantage. Both Sally and Adam have the same opportunity costs for these two goods. Once again, Robert Torrens tailed after Mill, repeating his discussion with no additional insights in 1827, in the fourth edition of his 1815 Essay on the External Corn Trade.3. A similar concept, competitive advantage is typically used to model the competitiveness of firms and individuals. 63% average accuracy. Ang ekonomiks ay ang agham na sumisiyasat sa mga gawi ng mga tao P. ABRAHAM HAROLD MASLOW ___15. The place of comparative advantage in Nigeria's development. What attitude of yi mong-yong and ch'unhyang do you really like? Comparative Advantage in the Light of the Old Value Theories. Ito ang mga binuong kaisipan o patakaran ni David Ricardo. Ang gumawa ng Law of Comparative Advantage at Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns. He defined it as a state by which one nation was more efficient at producing a certain good than another. An absolute advantage encourages specialization in an area where the entity exhibits exceptional production capabilities regarding the quality of the product and the total manufacturing time. Comparative advantage is a term associated with 19th Century English economist David Ricardo.. Ricardo considered what goods and services countries should produce, and suggested . Moreover, in his treatment, Torrens, and not Mill, committed several egregious errors. Comparative advantage. Another area where we see this applied is the division of labour . The productivity is the ratio between the ouput and the input. -Nagpaliwanag ng Law of Diminishing Marginal returns at Law of Comparative Advantage. Epekto ng kontraktuwalisasyon unng meaning po talaga. Meanwhile, at the very time when this comparative cost ferment was taking place among his friends and colleagues, David Ricardo displayed no interest whatever in this important line of thought. And so, once again, James Mill, by the force of his mind as well as his personal charisma, was able to foist an original analysis of his own on to the "Ricardian system."4. Lowering or abolishing the tariff on corn (or other food) was, for Ricardo, an ideal way of postponing the inevitable doom. Comparative Advantage Example - #1. lakas ng paggawac. In contrast, competitive advantage is more of a strategic management concept. Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns at Law of Comparative Advantage. The conclusion drawn is that each party can gain by specializing in the good where it has comparative advantage, and trading that good for the other. Nagbigay-diin sa Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns . John Maynard Keynes. plato. The two countries can benefit from producing the same products provided there are differences in efficiency of their trading. 59 times. Comparative advantage is a financial term that refers to the nation's capability to produce goods and services at a lower opportunity cost than that of trade associates. That is, a country with the comparative advantage in a given commodity exports, and the other with the comparative disadvantage imports. In reality, costs will go down because of economies of scale. Nangangarap ng mabuti at magandang Pilipinas sa kabila ng kawalan ng pag-asa ng iilan. Comparative advantage is when a nation can produce a particular good at a lower opportunity cost than other nations. This is because it helps companies to beat the competition. Pangungusap na may panghalip pananong na gaano ano sino-sino kailan at ilan Ano ang kaisipan sa ang kababaihan ng taiwan Ano ang pagkakatulad at pagkakaiba sa kwentong 'kuwento ni mabuti' at 'paglalayag sa puso ng isang bata' Ang babae mula sa dagat ni henrik isben buod ng unang yugto A50 turn coil has a resistance of 2.5.if it is enclosed in an area of 25cm,what would be the rate of change of a magnetic field parallel to its axis to induce a current of 0.5a i What did you notice after reading my thai cat by: pratoomratha zeng Naglalaman ng 13 aral na dapat sundin ng kasapi ng kilusang propaganda Why a study of economic development is important to the study of business management? 12. You should grow apples, and Joe should grow oranges. with fewer inputs) Comparative Advantage-Means that a person/firm/nation can produce the good with a lower opportunity cost Instead, one must compare the opportunity costs of producing goods across countries). nagpaliwanag ng tableau economique. Professor Thweatt's convincing hypothesis is that the law was injected into the Principles by Ricardo's mentor James Mill, whom we know wrote the original draft, as well as the revisions, for many parts of Ricardo's magnum opus. And finally, following Smith, and anticipating Marx and Lenin, Torrens asserted that foreign trade, by extending the division of labor, creates a surplus over domestic requirements that must then be "vented" in foreign exports. In your opinion what is the meaning of proverbs 17: 17a friend loves at all times and a brother is born for adversity.? Comparative advantage means economies can leverage their strengths to maximize profitability. The cacophony of voices speaking about economic issues in Nigeria points to one fact: Many are ignorant of the simple principle of comparative or competitive advantage. . Hindi tulad ng absolute advantage, ang comparative advantage ay laging kapalit at mutual. The law of . In the United States, 1 hour of labor can produce either 30 wines or 30 cloths. The first of these is known as an absolute advantage, and it refers to a country being more productive or efficient in producing a particular good or service.. In other words, each country should produce not just what it has an absolute advantage in making, but what it is most best at, or even least worst at, i.e. For example, the Chinese renminbi is likely to gain 8 percent . 45 seconds . Tumutukoy sa pagaaral ng mga katangiang pisikal ng bansa,klima,pinagkukunang yaman atbpang aspektong pisikal ng mga tao. Ang law of comparative advantage ay patungkol sa ekonomistang pampulitika ng Ingles na si David Ricardo at ng kanyang librong "On the Princcepts of Political Economy and Taxation" na isinulat noong 1817, bagaman na ang tagapagturo ni Ricardo na si James Mill,Ang nagpasimula ng pagsusuri. Calculated by dividing the country's share of world exports of the product in question by the . Comparative and Absolute Advantage. Absolute Advantage . aristotle. Indeed, his discussion in the rest of the chapter on international trade is couched in terms of the Smithian theory of absolute advantage rather than of the comparative advantage found in Torrens and especially in Mill. Meanwhile, George Grote, a devoted Millian disciple, wrote in 1819 an important, unpublished essay setting forth the Millian view on comparative advantage. The Law of Comparative Advantage DRAFT. The law of comparative advantage describes how, under free trade, an agent will produce more of and consume less of a good for which they have a comparative advantage. 8. A. HERARKIYA NG PANGANGAILANGAN NI B. MIDYUM SA PAG-AANUNSIYO . TEST III. Show abstract. Masasabi na ang isang bansa ay may comparative advantage sa paggawa ng isang kalakal kapag kaya niyang gawin ang kalakal na mas efficient kompara sa ibang bansa. now a days kase nag re rely sila sa physical apperance mo hindi sila tumitingin sa ugali mo: (. Modelo ni Wilber Lang Schramm 1954 4. No country is too poor or inefficient to be left out of international trade, and everyone benefits from countries specializing in what they are most best or least bad at in other words, in whatever they have a comparative advantage. Absolute advantage is a much easier idea to understand. It is true that Mill was every bit a fan of the Ricardian system as Ricardo himself; but Mill was a man of far broader scope and erudition than his friend, and was interested in far more aspects of the disciplines of human action. Decent sales margin is the outcome of this concept. He combined Austrian economics with a fervent commitment to individual liberty. The law of comparative advantage also refers to the ability . pls badly need it What is the absolute location / 25 / = Bakit palaisipan kay celso ang pagtatalo ng kaniyang mga magulang? The comparative advantage is more of an economics concept and helps to facilitate trade between two nations. 11. We live in a globalized world where virtually all countries interact and engage in trade. Tags: Question 4 . As a consequence, there is a significant amount of competition. Ang katapusang tagapagpahayag sa simposyum na ito ay nagpaliwanag tungkol sa paksang "Mga Umiibig sa Kalayaan Kayo'y Manindigang Matatag.". comparative advantage, economic theory, first developed by 19th-century British economist David Ricardo, that attributed the cause and benefits of international trade to the differences in the relative opportunity costs (costs in terms of other goods given up) of producing the same commodities among countries. 0. Opportunity cost always has been a component of investment analysis. Comparative advantage can be defined as the efficiency of a country or a state to produce a certain commodity at a lower opportunity cost compared to another another country. View answers (1) Other questions on Araling Panlipunan. azizkaria_94123. . Introduction Since the law of comparative advantage was introduced by David Ricardo in 1817, it has been used as a basis for understanding international trade. It differs from absolute advantage in the . Edit. In International trade, absolute advantage and comparative advantage are widely used terms. Ang law of comparative advantage ay patungkol sa ekonomistang pampulitika ng Ingles na si David Ricardo at ng kanyang librong "On the Princcepts of Political Economy and Taxation" na isinulat noong 1817, bagaman na ang tagapagturo ni Ricardo na si James Mill,Ang nagpasimula ng pagsusuri. Save. It seems possible that Mill, the inveterate disciple and Number 2 man, was Number 1 man far more often than anyone has suspected. Types of advantages - On the maximum net returns per hectare basis there are two types of advantages. That is, countries should specialize in what they are best or most efficient at, and then exchange these products, for in that case the people of both countries will be better off. . Even Ricardo's sudden reference to Portugal and his absurd hypothesis that the Portuguese had an absolute advantage over Britain in the production of cloth, seem to indicate his lack of serious interest in the theory of comparative cost. Another implication of the law of comparative advantage is that no country or region of the earth is . Contextual translation of "law of comparative advantage" into Tagalog. "The Law of Comparative Advantage states that an entity maximises its resources by producing that which gives the best return, while delegating production of all other products and services to other entities more cost-effective in their production" This is the justification behind the principle of the division of labour. Articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommerical-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND) unless otherwise stated in the article. Many experts, however, argue that a nation can have both a competitive advantage as well as a . Japan has absolute advantage in Cloth. Murray N. Rothbard made major contributions to economics, history, political philosophy, and legal theory. 2. Paano ma pana tili ang pamilyang pilitiko ang karapatang yoric kabila nang limitasyon sa tirminto ng . Ito'y kasunod pa rin ng pinirmahang Executive Order 7 ni Pangulong Ferdinand "Bongbong"Marcos Jr."Reaksyon:. john maynard keynes. tinatwag ding Let Alone Policy na ang nagpaliwanag na hindi dapat makialam ang pamahalaan sa pagpapatakbo ng ekonomiya ng pribadong sektor, sa halip, pagtuunan ng pansin ang pagpapanatili ng kapayapaan ng bansa. Contributions are tax-deductible to the full extent the law allows. Mar 2017. In that way, capital accumulation is increasingly dampened, finally to disappear altogether. In order to begin thinking about gains from trade, we need to understand two concepts about productivity and cost. nagpaliwanag ng law of comparative advantage. at a lower relative marginal cost prior to trade. It can be argued that world output would increase when the principle of comparative advantage is applied by countries to determine what goods and services they should specialise in producing. David Ricardo, an English political economist, proposed the principle of comparative advantage in 1817 to help . Comparative advantage is a key principle in international trade and forms the basis of why free trade is beneficial to countries. It is well known that the law of comparative advantage breaks down when applied to individual commodities or pairs of commodities in a many-commodity world. Comparative advantage is an economic term that describes and explains trade between two countries. Comparative advantage is an economy's ability to produce a particular good or service at a lower opportunity cost than its trading partners. What are the things you remember in your environment ENUMERASYON. In emphasizing the great importance of the voluntary interplay of the international division of labor, free traders of the 18th century, including Adam Smith, based their doctrines on the law of "absolute advantage." Another implication of the law of comparative advantage is that no country or region of the earth is going to be left out of the international division of labor under free trade. It was in rebuttal of Spence that Mill attacked underconsumptionist fallacies by bringing Say's law to England. What is the law of comparative advantage in economics? It shows that even if, for example, Country A is more efficient than Country B at producing both commodities X and Y, it will pay the citizens of Country A to specialize in producing X, which it is most best at producing, and buy all of commodity Y from Country B, which it is better at producing but does not have as great a comparative advantage as in making commodity X. Araling Panlipunan. Nagpaliwanag si Jesus: "Wala akong ginagawang anuman sa sarili kong pagkukusa; kundi kung ano ang itinuro sa akin ng Ama, ito ang mga bagay na sinasalita ko.". Second, he claimed also that advantages of home trade are more permanent than those of foreign trade, and also that all advantages of domestic trade remain at home, whereas part of the advantages of foreign trade are siphoned off for the benefit of foreigners. In this way, the citizens of every country benefit from international trade. For the law means that even if a country is in such poor shape that it has no absolute advantage in producing anything, it still pays for its trading partners, the people of other countries, to allow it to produce what it is least worst at. Spence's tract caused a storm of controversy, stimulating early works by two noteworthy British economists. The law of comparative advantage states that two nations or any other parties will benefit from trade, only if there relative cost of productions is different. His theory concluded that a country could increase its income by specializing in certain products and services and selling these on the international market. , r settings, ito matapos maglabas kagawaran ng mga panuntunan kaugnay nito.Sa kanilang Labor Advisory 22, Miyerkules, inilinaw ng DOLE ang guidelines patungkol sa "voluntarywearing of masks in workplaces." View. The theory of comparative advantage shows that even if a country enjoys an absolute advantage in the production of goods, trade can still be beneficial to both trading partners. The law of comparative advantage was originally introduced by David Ricardo back in 1817. . sino ang Nagpaliwanag ng Law of Comparative Advantage - Brainly.ph. However, the derivation of the law is traditionally based on aggregate production criterions rather than on the producers . To understand comparative advantage, it is essential to know the concept of opportunity cost. The problem of international trade sprang into public consciousness in Britain when Napoleon imposed his Berlin decrees in 1806, ordering the blockade of his enemy England from all trade with the continent of Europe. Absolute advantage is the ability to produce an increased number of goods and services at better quality than competitors. Opportunity cost measures a trade-off. Comparative advantage is where one nation can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another. We know also that Mill prodded Ricardo on including a discussion of comparative cost ratios. Nagpaliwanag ng Law of Comparative Advantage O. THOMAS ROBERT MALTHUS ___14. Recent Development of International Trade Theory and Some of its Consequences . Once again, except for the three paragraphs on comparative advantage, Ricardo displays no interest in it, and he instead repeats the Ricardian system argument for repeal of the Corn Laws. Now, it has a more complex nature, since investment capital can seek a wider universe of alternatives. , r settings, ito matapos maglabas kagawaran ng mga panuntunan kaugnay nito.Sa kanilang Labor Advisory 22, Miyerkules, inilinaw ng DOLE ang guidelines patungkol sa "voluntarywearing of masks in workplaces." What is the Austrian School of Economics. lupang pansakahan? Written for a broad audience of laymen and students, the Mises Daily features a wide variety of topics including everything from the history of the state, to international trade, to drug prohibition, and business cycles. Correct answers: 1 question: Sino nagpaliwanag ng law of comparative advantage The Mises Daily articles are short and relevant and written from the perspective of an unfettered free market and Austrian economics. Not only that: while Ricardo dropped the theory as soon as he enunciated it in the Principles, Mill fully developed the analysis of comparative advantage further, first in his article on "Colonies" for the Encyclopedia Britannica (1818), and then in his textbook, The Elements of Political Economy (1821). Furthermore, in this work, Torrens explicitly hailed Mill's essay. Ang puno ng WHO na si Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus ay nagpaliwanag na ang CO ay kumakatawan para sa corona, VI para sa mikrobyo, D para sa sakit, at 19 para sa kung kailan ang biglang paglitaw ng sakit ay unang nakilala: 31 Disyembre 2019. Sally uses more. Last updated: Oct 12, 2022 5 min read. Comparative advantage is an economic law referring to the ability of any given economic actor to produce goods and services at a lower opportunity cost than other economic actors. The law of comparative advantage highlights the important fact that a protective tariff in Country A wreaks injury on the efficient industries in that country, and the consumers in that country, as well as on Country B and the rest of the world. Production costs differ in countries because of geographical division of labour and specialisation in production. In contrast, Comparative Advantage signifies the ability to manufacture goods or services at a relatively lower opportunity cost. Ricardo devoted only a few paragraphs to the law in his Principles, the discussion was meager, and it was unrelated to the rest of his work and to the rest of his discussion of international trade. There is no hint in any of this discussion of the doctrine of comparative cost or anything like it. puhunanb. Buod: 1. This means that if you require 2 hours to make one shirt, then you will spend 10 hours to make five shirts, 20 hours to make ten shirts, etc. Example : Portugal uses 80 people by year to produce x litres of wain. Ito'y kasunod pa rin ng pinirmahang Executive Order 7 ni Pangulong Ferdinand "Bongbong"Marcos Jr."Reaksyon:.

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