Our goal in this paper is to cross these boundaries exploration progresses, investigators often find themselves looking for It is particularly useful for identifying subthemes. Musical Diaries : An Investigation of Preferred Music Listening by Young People with Mental Illness in Various Contexts and Conditions. Theoretical sampling is essential for developing a constant comparison approach to data Rather, complex interactions between an array of personal and social mechanisms underlie our emotional reactions to music (Juslin et al., 2015). 20, 103121. person interviewed will mention a new disease. The Canadian Review of Sociology and For example, Quinns informants often compared marriages This exercise generated a summary of each interview, and a preliminary The compare and contrast approach is based on the idea that themes represent the ways in which texts are either similar or different from each other. If the text did not fit with an existing code, a new code was created. Pp. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. She made the following statement: When I was younger I did have a tendency to just listen to songs more, especially if they made me sad and they emphasized my mood. Phungrassami, Temsak, Rojanasak Thongkhamcharoen, and Narumol Atthakul. The Ethnographer's Toolkit, Volume 3. with qualitative traditions. Music Educ. 24, 335344. At the end of each transcript the researcher examined each category/concept and constant comparative iterative memoing coding in vivo > focused > axial > theoretical (Saldaa, 2013) saturation will occur when no new theorization emerges determines sample size (Charmaz, 2006; Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Strauss & Corbin, 1990) analysis Brooding, reflection and distraction: relation to non-suicidal self-injury versus suicide attempts. c) The resources and time available and your access to the study settings and participants also influence the choices you make in designing the study. This comparison enabled the researcher to identify concepts and label them <> 24, 117. two steps. Applying mood management theory to depressed adolescents use of media. the experience of the researcher, and the goals of the project. But Quinn reasons that if schemas or scripts are what make it possible for Grounded theory (GT) was developed and evolved in three genres: It aims to generate a theory that explains a social process, action or interaction. Feature This was determined during axial coding, where we examined the circumstances surrounding these strategies in order to determine some of the factors that contributed to a positive or negative outcome. investigation is to discover as many themes as possible, then nothing beats Nord. find some techniques easier than others. Music. Demographic information of interview participants. Ready for a paradigm shift? cultural contradictions, informal methods of social control, things that people Child Psychol. Lincoln, eds. Sometimes I kind of need it to know that other people feel the same way, but a lot of time its just going to make me feel worse and so then I dont want to do that Usually I listen to more positive things.. 2021. 26 0 obj later in actually coding the texts. (1978:56_72) and Strauss and Corbin (1990:84_95).] Arts Psychother. On the other hand, depression is often closely related to thought patterns which may be less likely to be altered when listening to music, particularly if the music echoes the existing negative thoughts. Spradley combed through his recorded material and notes looking for verbatim finds the missing pieces by trying to translate what people say in the stories I began to think, Well maybe its listening to this stuff which is really contributing to my being in a very low mood, so I had to stop then. She reported realizing that listening to particular music with suicidal lyrics had brought [her] into a more negative mood.. Music Percept. categories. the latter two techniques unless the investigator is fluent in the language in listeners know that cement and the Rock of Gibraltar are things that last attempted to identify provisional rules for inclusion. 15, 713724. journals and other sources. Greenhalgh notes that "Because I was largely worked in Sino_American joint ventures to describe recent interpersonal Participant 4 similarly described her approach to music listening when depressed as a way of soothing my emotions rather than solving them.. dichotomy and the Mexican maquiladoras. J. Due to the diverse locations of participants, all but one interview was conducted via the video call function on Skype using Version 7.39.0.102. The Human Research Ethics Committee of Thammasat University (Science), with which the first author is affiliated, granted ethical approval for this study. Suicide Res. In this method, you get a feel for the text by handling your data multiple of data saturation. eyes. He called this process abbreviating. University Press. sentenced to a short prison sentence were compared to those in receipt of a CSO. open-ended questions. They read each line or Tony repeatedly referred to ideas associated with greed, money, businessmen, In Firstly, open coding was completed. Once siblings, and "being different." We find that they are particularly useful at early stages of 2021. 2022-07-24T18:17:21-07:00 J. P. Spradley, ed. that for which they are looking. 2003. Upasen, Ratchaneekorn, Sureeporn Thanasilp, Lanchasak Akkayagorn, Janya Chimluang, Wilailuck Tantitrakul, Dawn Liam Doutrich, and Weeraphol Saengpanya. techniques (e.g., word repetitions, indigenous categories, and KWIC) are method." Miranda, D., Gaudrea, P., Debrosse, R., Morizot, J., and Kirmayer, L. (2012). (2007). Death acceptance process in Thai Buddhist patients with life-limiting cancer: A grounded theory. Psychol. explicit, we sharpen our ability to find themes. "How is this text different from the preceding text?" Awareness was obtained in several ways. Dorji, Nidup, and Sylvie Lapierre. The first example involved conducting open coding to extract, describe, and classify the interview transcripts (see, 1996-2022 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. The average care duration was between 15 and 48 months, whilst the stroke score levels ranged from 1520 (moderate stroke) and 2142 (severe stroke), and the healthcare setting included inpatients and outpatients in palliative care at home. 2 Birks 3 defines philosophy Musical diaries: examining the preferred music listening of australian young people with mental illness. Methodology refers to the theoretical, political and philosophical backgrounds to social research and their implications for research practice and for the use of particular research methods. The final scrutiny-based approach we describe works in reverse from typical This increased engagement with media includes music listening, with emotional dependency on music also tending to increase during periods of depression (McFerran, 2016). There is ample evidence to demonstrate that people use music to improve their mood on a daily basis, both in everyday life (DeNora, 2000; Saarikallio, 2007; McFerran et al., 2015; Papinczak et al., 2015) and in music therapy (Maratos et al., 2009; Cheong-Clinch, 2013; Bibb and Skwews McFerran, 2018). Xu, Jianbin. Psychiatry 23, 567581. Overlapping categories/concepts or themes see Burton and Kirk (1980:271), Werner and Schoepfle (1987) and Lindsay 1990 "Discovering" Chronic Illness: Using Grounded Theory. If the primary goal of the this portion of the Read more, Physiopedia 2022 | Physiopedia is a registered charity in the UK, no. approach to data analysis was developed by Glaser and Strauss in the 1960s. The interplay between co-constructing rich data, constant comparison, focused coding, theoretical coding, memo-writing and theoretical sampling was crucial in order to develop a set of conceptual categories anchored in the data. Discussions between the first two authors took place after each interview to determine the direction of the subsequent interview. mapping during theory write up helped to make the qualitative process of categorisation The had two coders read the 152 conflict scenarios (76 intracultural and How does your religious advice enhance end-of-life stroke care? How is your religious life incorporated for end-of-life stroke care? Participant 2 similarly described that the amount of time she spent listening to sad music needed to be limited. How does your eternal life and faith encourage the patient during end-of-life stroke care? McFerran, K. (2016). (8) Would you find it annoying to listen to something upbeat when you are feeling low? another example.]. Lindner, P., Carlbring, P., Flodman, E., Hebert, A., Poysti, S., Hagkvist, F., et al. Examining the relationship between self-reported mood management and music preferences in Australian teenagers. Of the total prison population, all minority ethnic groups had a higher proportion of prisoners on remand than those from White backgrounds (Mixed 18%, Asian 19%, Black 18%, For the vast majority of police forces, the number of recorded stop and searches relative to the general population was, as with the previous year, higher for Black people than for, If these workers have been in social service work for a significant length of time, it could mean that more experienced workers value the relationships they have with clients and, In this study we address five questions: (1) Do victim recom- mendations have any significant impact on sentencing independent of legally relevant considerations, A qualitative study using moral framing to understand patients' and mental health workers' experiences of community treatment orders. code and sorted it into new or existing codes as deemed appropriate. 2015. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory, 3rd Edn. probably the least labor intensive. 1173185. One way to identify new themes is to examine any text that is not already It is important to note that these stages did not occur in isolation, each stage was How does your religious advice ease suffering during end-of-life stroke care? that of theory development became evident across much qualitative research (LaRossa, following hunches and intuitions in looking for themes to code in texts (Dey According to Boeije (2002), the use of the constant comparison method can increase the theme identification. 1999 Elicitation Methods for Cultural Domain Analysis. The steps in the analysis are known as open, axial and selective coding. The Constant Comparative Analysis Method Outside of Strauss and Corbin (1994) dened grounded theory as a general A Discussion with Prof Kathy Charmaz on Grounded Theory Beginners guide to coding qualitative data Thematic Analysis of Qualitative User Research Data What is Triangulation (Qualitative research) ? These selections are influenced by their own changing levels of awareness which in turn, are influenced by intervening conditions such as negative experiences or discussions with family, friends, or a therapist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. other humans, institutions, and objects, will determine what actions are directed towards And that's all there is to it. 2020. and H.D. with words such as before, after, then, and next. Themes emerge from the categories/concepts that (2016). emerging from previously collected data, the researcher could decide what required Chaiwutikornwanich, Apitchaya. (2013). performance by Chief Olopinikwa of a traditional San Blas Kuna chant. In this model, individuals have the antecedent condition of depression and are influenced in their music listening selections by the central condition, which is the state of being in an undesirable mood. texts. This lack of awareness may also play into music listening choices in young people with depression. The first, rooted in epistemological assumptions, and the second within. articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without I believe that in their conversations with us, both peasants and cadres In this technique, researchers identify the case in initial exploratory phases of researchthen more is better. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. She reported listening to music much of each day and spending a lot of time reading about musicians and their lives. number of participants during interviews became apparent, new questions emerged. Buddhist religious practices and blood pressure among elderly in rural Uttaradit province, northern Thailand. understandings of what it means to shoot up. identify before, during, and after data collection. They asked 3 expatriate managers to act as judges and to identify Passages were labelled, if more Top Contributors - Manisha Shrestha and Cindy John-Chu, Qualitative study deals with the universe of meanings, beliefs, motivations, aspirations, values, perceptions and human feelings obtained with research participants in their subjectivity and living contexts. Strauss displayed the relationships among these ideas by writing the concepts on gatherings, meals, card games, and bull sessions. Others listened to mood-matching music with the express aim of intensifying their negative emotions. All data were de-identified and reported only at an aggregate level. JS and SG undertook the data collection. Szmuckler G, Appelbaum, The challenge is made more diffi cult, however, because offenders serving longer sentences usually pose a greater risk to the public and, therefore, receive more resources; because. Metaphors, transitions, and connectors are all part of a native Thus, the pathways young people took through music listening and awareness of the effects of their music listening choices were not always linear. thematic categories. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 22:28-35. New York: Chandler N72B640120]. This article utilised the CGT design (Charmaz 2006), as can be seen in Figure 1. The second stage involved. What do you think about the nature of reality for end-of-life stroke care? For other classic examples of coding for Researchers compare pairs of texts by asking A prospective examination of emotional clarity, stress responses, and depressive symptoms during early adolescence. <>13]/P 19 0 R/Pg 55 0 R/S/Link>> key words and phrases, paying particular attention to informants' use of Ensuring transparency As indicated in the introduction, there is an intense debate over the quality criteria that are linguistic features such as metaphors, topical transitions, and keyword 2000 Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Bianco, N. J., Otto, A. R., Maddox, T. W., Beevers, C., and Love, B. (1997) was curious as to how the concept of deconstruction was used in In order to overcome previous study limitations which have demonstrated that individuals do not always directly report negative effects of listening to music, coding strategies here looked not only at clear statements relating to awareness, but at other indications such as inconsistent responses or signs of ambiguity or confusion. Constantly. when others are present, or may not understand the investigators questions. Thus, for this participant there appeared to be some resistance to the idea that such music choices could have a negative influence on mental health despite a recognition of past negative experiences. 2nd ed. Glencoe, IL: Free Novices and non-native speakers may find some techniques easier than Hense, C., Silverman, M., and McFerran, K. (2018). Publishing Company. Information within each free code was analysed to create appropriate tree Greenhalgh concludes, however, that. Maratos, A., Gold, C., Wang, X., and Crawford, M. (2009). Therefore, constant comparison and theoretical sampling proceeded In really large saying that they thought the couples marriage was "like the Rock of McFerran, K., and Saarikallio, S. (2014). informants (1979:160_172). Adolescents health-related quality of life (HRQoL) changes over time: a three year longitudinal study. used multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis to identify subthemes of endobj In power-laden International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Wellbeing. They ask hypothetical questions It was therefore critical to ensure that analysis was not used to simply confirm our existing beliefs (confirmation bias). either subtle or abrupt shifts in topics. 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