[12], During the years 550 to 330 BC, coinciding with the sovereignty of the Achaemenid Persian Empire over the Middle East area, especially the whole part of the Persian Gulf and some parts of the Arabian Peninsula, the name of "Pars Sea" is widely found in the compiled written texts. The high salinities and temperatures result in the precipitation of calcium sulfate and sodium chloride to form extensive coastal salt flats (sebkhas). [42] The Persian Gulf therefore became a critical maritime path through which the Allies transported equipment to Soviet Union against the Nazi invasion. Intense heating of the land adjacent to the coasts leads to gentle offshore winds in the mornings and strong onshore winds in the afternoons and evenings. Its military personnel shot down Iran Air Flight 655 on July 3, 1988, while flying over the gulf, killing all 290 passengers and crew. The evaporation of the sea is high, so that after considering river discharge and rain contributions, there is still a deficit of 416 cubic kilometres (100cumi) per year. The Persian Gulf is a mediterranean sea in Western Asia. a shallow arm of the Arabian Sea between Iran and the Arabian peninsula; the Persian Gulf oil fields are among the most productive in the world . It is a long and narrow gulf that is 1,500 miles long and 60 miles wide. The Arvand Rud (Shatt al-Arab) river delta forms the northwest shoreline. [13] However, on his world map of 1569, the name is changed to Mare di Mesendin (after the peninsula Ra's Musandam, in modern-day Oman),[14] while his rival Abraham Ortelius, for the world atlas of 1570, opted for Mare El Catif, olim Sinus Persicus (after the Arabian port of Al Qatif), but labelled the entrance to the gulf the present-day Strait of Hormuz as Basora Fretum (Strait of Basra). The Persian Gulf is popular for its notoriously unfavorable climate. The island is low and flat and mostly covered by salt marshes, making it uninhabitable. Dugong mother and her offspring in shallow water, Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins off the southern shore of Iran, around Hengam Island, Spinner dolphins leaping in the Persian gulf, Critically endangered Arabian humpback whales (being the most isolated, and the only resident population in the world) off Dhofar, Oman. Starting in the 1960s, though - and linked to the rise of. The Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf, C Michael Rice 1994 Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates Daniel T. Potts 2003 Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands Curtis E. Larsen 1983 According to archeological and historical records, the Bahrain Islands of the Arabian Gulf were the home of a flourishing civilization four thousant years ago. "[citation needed] The Assyrians called it the "Bitter Sea". [20], In a 1974 interview by Mike Wallace in 60 Minutes, the last Shah of Iran himself preferred the term "Persian Gulf" while talking to Wallace. The "Gulf" refers to the body of water known as the Arabian Gulf in GCC countries, or the Persian Gulf as referred to in many other places. Tehran (IP)- The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran has discussed the baseless accusations by foreign ministers of the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council, stressing that three islands of Abu Musa, the Greater Tunb, and Lesser Tunb eternally belong to Iran. However its water is saline. ", Occasional Paper of MEI The Persian Gulf: Validity of the Name Issue No. For most of the early history of the settlements in the Persian Gulf, the southern shores were ruled by a series of nomadic tribes. The Persian Gulf is also home to many migratory and local birds. Max Depth - 1025 m. Major Ports - Baku, Aktau, Atyrau. From 1763 until 1971, the British Empire maintained varying degrees of political control over some of the Persian Gulf states, including the United Arab Emirates (originally called the Trucial States)[45] and at various times Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar through the British Residency of the Persian Gulf. Recent statistics and observations show that dolphins are at danger of entrapment in purse seine fishing nets and exposure to chemical pollutants; perhaps the most alarming sign is the "mass suicides" committed by dolphins off Iran's Hormozgan province, which are not well understood, but are suspected to be linked with a deteriorating marine environment from water pollution from oil, sewage, and industrial run offs.[81][82]. https://www.britannica.com/place/Persian-Gulf, Iran Chamber Society - History of Persian Gulf, Persian Gulf - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Persian Gulf - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). An Early world map by Pomponius Mela 43 AD. [38] With the support of the British fleet, in 1622 'Abbs took the island of Hormuz from the Portuguese; much of the trade was diverted to the town of Bandar 'Abbs, which he had taken from the Portuguese in 1615 and had named after himself. Portuguese expansion into the Indian Ocean in the early 16th century following Vasco da Gama's voyages of exploration saw them battle the Ottomans up the coast of the Persian Gulf. Following the arrival of the English and the Dutch, the Safavid Empire allied with the newcomers to contest Portuguese dominance of the seas in the 17th century.[36]. The deeper parts of the Persian Gulf adjacent to the Iranian coast and the area around the Tigris-Euphrates delta are mainly floored with gray-green muds rich in calcium carbonate. [3], The International Hydrographic Organization defines the Persian Gulf's southern limit as "The Northwestern limit of Gulf of Oman". The Arabs then began to use the name 'Arabian Gulf'", he added. A shallow sea of the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf separates the Arabian Peninsula from Iran in southwestern Asia. There has been an enormous backlash against the US governments attempt to promote the term Arabian Gulf in preference to the historic norm of Persian Gulf. A great example of this symbiosis are the mangroves in the Persian gulf, which require tidal flow and a combination of fresh and salt water for growth, and act as nurseries for many crabs, small fish, and insects; these fish and insects are the source of food for many of the marine birds that feed on them. 1600 map calling it "Gulf of Basra" or "Sea of Qatif", One of many maps by Hondius using the term Sinus Arabia, 1626 map calling it "Sea of Qatif", or the Arabian Gulf. In oceanography, a mediterranean sea (not to be confused with the Mediterranean Sea) is a sea that is almost enclosed by land and has limited water exchange with the Global Ocean. Term. The countries surrounding the Persian Gulf have a combined population of about 100 million people. Dugong, also known as sea cow, are also common in the Persian Gulf, the creatures resemble cows and graze on seagrass. Middle East. Perhaps not, but the navy rather glaringly fails to offer any reason or logic for renaming the waterway between the Iranian Plateau and the Arabian Peninsula. The most important holiday in Iran is Norooz (also Nowruz) which marks the first day Persian New Year. The Arabs feel that it should be called the Arabian Gulf. The Persian Gulf is a mediterranean sea in Western Asia. [79] Environmental watchdogs in Arabia are few, and those that do advocate the wildlife are often silenced or ignored by developers of real estate many of whom have governmental connections. The Persian Gulf, a mediterranean sea, is part of the Indian Ocean. [15], The body of water is historically and internationally known as the Persian Gulf. [2] The current flooding of the basin started 15,000 years ago due to rising sea levels of the Holocene glacial retreat. The tide of Arab opinion on the question shifted only in the 1960s ironically among the major drivers of the movement for change were Arab perceptions that Iran, driven by Washington, had supported Israel during the Arab-Israeli war of 1973. Also a point of terminology. [8] This difference is supplied by currents at the Strait of Hormuz. Large gas finds have also been made, with Qatar and Iran sharing a giant field across the territorial median line (North Field in the Qatari sector; South Pars Field in the Iranian sector). part 2". This inland sea of some 251,000 square kilometres (96,912sqmi) is connected to the Gulf of Oman in the east by the Strait of Hormuz; and its western end is marked by the major river delta of the Shatt al-Arab, which carries the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris. The Navy has been forced to post an explanation, of sorts, insisting: We certainly havent done anything out of malice or disrespect for your proud heritage that has existed long before we were even a navy. [29][30], Gulf Cooperation Council states prefer the use of the term "Arabian Gulf". Some of these islands are artificial and serve as tourist resorts. The gulfs strategic location has made it ideal for human settlement. The Gulf measures 1000 km long by 200-300 km wide and its average depth is ca. Football Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran, removing excessive or indiscriminate images, Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island, Documents on the Persian Gulf's name the eternal heritage ancient time by Dr.Mohammad Ajam, Documents on the Persian Gulf's name Dr.Mohammad Ajam, http://www.irdc.ir/fa/content/12485/print.aspx, "Picture of Gamal Abdel Nasser's Handwritten Letter, Using the Term Persian Gulf", Picture of 1952 Saudi Arabian ARAMCO map using the name Persian Gulf, "Historical, Geographical and Legal Validity of the Name 'Persian Gulf'", "Iran Threatens Flight Ban over 'Persian' Gulf Name Row", "Iran: Airlines Must Say 'Persian Gulf' Or Face Airspace Ban", "Iran To Arabs: It's 'Persian Gulf' Not 'Arabian Gulf' If You Call It 'Arabian Gulf', You're Toast", "Iran (Islamic Republic of) H.E. Safaniya Oil Field, the world's largest offshore oilfield, is located in the Persian Gulf. [84][85][86] This is primarily connected to the influx of major rivers, especially the Shatt al-Arab (Euphrates and Tigris), which carry large amounts of sediment (most reef-building corals require strong light) and causes relatively large variations in temperature and salinity (corals in general are poorly suited to large variations). It's also in treaties signed between the governors of the gulf and the British who dominated the region from the beginning of the 20th century From a scientific and historical point of view, it has been called the Persian Gulf since Alexander the Great". The name Persian Gulf is still recognised by most governments, even some arms of the US government. [83] Of these 700 species, more than 80% are reef associated. Google had previously put both Persian Gulf and Arabian Gulf on its Google Maps. [79] Estimates from 2006 showed that only three viable nesting sites were available for this ancient bird, one located 80 miles (129km) from Dubai, and two smaller sites in Oman. For a long time the most important settlement on the southern coast of the Persian Gulf was Gerrha. It is also recognised as the legal international standard by the United Nations , which says, any change, destruction, or alteration of the names registered inhistorical deeds and maps is like the destruction of ancient works and is considered as an improper action. He said that it was "without foundation" to claim the Romans named it "Arabian Gulf". The seas in the Atlantic Ocean are the namesake Mediterranean Sea, Baltic Sea, Arctic Sea, and the Baffin Bay. The Persian Gulf, a mediterranean sea, is part of the Indian Ocean. [77] Their simple grass diet is negatively affected by new developments along the Persian Gulf coastline, particularly the construction of artificial islands by Arab states and pollution from oil spills caused during the "Persian Gulf war" and various other natural and artificial causes. [87] The result has been a dwindling population of the coral, and as a result a decrease in number of species that rely on the corals for their survival. It is noticeably asymmetrical in profile, with the deepest water occurring along the Iranian coast and a broad shallow area, which is usually less than 120 feet (35 metres) deep, along the Arabian coast. The low freshwater inflow and high temperatures result in a high freshwater evaporation rate. Depths less than 50 m predominate; the maximum depth is 102 m. But the debate appears to have gained new momentum with the publication of this new styleguide and by the recent specific use of the term by the US assistant secretary of political-military affairs, Andrew Shapiro, when announcing the recent massive sale of arms to Saudi Arabia. Date: 1525. Besides global factors, activities in and around the Persian Gulf have endangered its wildlife. Various small islands also lie within the Persian Gulf, some of which are the subject of territorial disputes between the states in the region. Mohammed Thani Murshed Al Romaithi", "MIDEAST Gulf rivalry between Iran, UAE transfered [, "Iran accuses UAE of racism in renaming Pro League to the Arabian Gulf League", "Iran bars captain's UAE transfer over Gulf name", "Historical, Geographical and Legal Validity of the name: Persian Gulf", Factsheet on the Legal and Historical Usage of the "Persian Gulf" ISG MIT, ISNA: "Goods labelled with "Arabian Gulf" banned in Iran. a gulf northwest of the Indian Ocean, lying between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. the Persian Gulf The New York Times: Persian Gulf: From rich history to security depth, This page was last edited on 9 August 2022, at 09:52. + Follow. The rivers reach their peak flow in spring and early summer, when the snow melts in the mountains; disastrous floods sometimes result. (the world's tallest skyscraper at 828 metres), or the palm islands (artificial islands in a palm shape). It covers approximately 251,000 km2, with a maximum depth of 90 meters and an average depth of 50 meters. Bubiyan Island, located in the gulf northwestern corner, is the second-largest island, covering 863 km2. It supports large green turtle populations on Karan and Jana Islands in Saudi Arabia, and at Ras Al Jinz / Ras Al Hadd in Oman. Large quantities of fine dust and, in places, quartz sand, however, are blown into the sea by predominant northwest winds from the desert areas of the surrounding lands. The Persian Gulf receives only small amounts of river-borne sediment except in the northwest, where immense quantities of silt are deposited by the Tigris, Euphrates, and Krn rivers and other smaller streams as they empty into the gulf, by way of the Shatt Al-Arab. High freshwater evaporation rate feel that it was `` without foundation '' to claim the Romans named it `` Gulf. Narrow Gulf that is 1,500 miles long and 60 miles wide ( sebkhas ): Validity of Indian... 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