Our assessments, publications and research spread knowledge, spark enquiry and aid understanding around the world. The Ottoman Empire was the state responsible for the Armenian Genocide. The Armenian, also called Hamidian, massacres of 1894-1896 affected all of historic Armenia and Constantinople. Beitrags-Autor: Beitrag verffentlicht: Oktober 31, 2022 Beitrags-Kategorie: walgreens pharmacy 24 hours near bengaluru, karnataka Beitrags-Kommentare: java proxy settings environment variables java proxy settings environment variables The three major European powers: Great Britain, France and Russia (known as the Great Powers), took issue with the Empires treatment of its Christian minorities and increasingly pressured the Ottoman government (also known as the Sublime Porte) to extend equal rights to all its citizens. They armed themselves and spearheaded a massive Russian invasion of eastern Anatolia. The Armenian reform package was an arrangement negotiated with Russia, acting on behalf of the Great Powers, and the Ottoman Empire. In Sasun, Armenian activists were working to arm the folk and to recruit young men by motivating them to the Armenian cause. The Armenian charitable works, hospitals, and provident institutions were organized along the explained perspective. In 1461, Hovagim I was brought to Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II and established the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople for political reasons. The Turkish government has resisted calls to recognize it as such, contending that . The Armenian Revolutionary Federation also played a significant role in arming the people of the region. The position of France changed several times over the centuries. After 1453, 55 Armenian churches were built in Istanbul.[3]. Indeed, it is Houshamadyans aim to attempt, to the greatest extent, to understand and introduce the multifarious and heterogeneous Ottoman Armenian world in all the areas of the Ottoman Empire. Lisbon:Gulbenkian Foundation Press.2010), After Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the patriarchate came to care more directly for all the Orthodox living in the Ottoman Empire. The taxes to the State did not have direct return to Armenians in such cases. This whole structure was named Armenian case Armenian Millet. A series of elections during this period resulted in the gradual ascendance of the Committee of Union and Progresss (CUP) domination in politics. Fidato. The ensuing repression prompted Armenian revolutionary activity as the Ottomans reneged on their treaty obligations and resisted international pressure to introduce meaningful reform. amzn_assoc_placement = "adunit0"; 1 (1889), op. Armenian involvement on the international stage would have to wait until the Armenian national awakening, which the Armenian Question as used in European history, became commonplace among diplomatic circles and in the popular press after the Congress of Berlin (1878). Votes: 7,708 | Gross: $0.03M The Bashkaleh clash was the bloody encounter between the Armenakan Party and the Ottoman Empire in May 1889. At first, the Sultan was the highest power in the land and had control over almost everything. The reformist period peaked with the Constitution, called the Kann- Ess (meaning Basic Law in Ottoman Turkish), written by members of the Young Ottomans, which was promulgated on 23 November 1876. Enter your email address to receive notifications of new posts by email. Sultan Abdlhamit II was well-travelled and educated but later he became a paranoid idiot. This agreement, which was solidified in February 1914 was based on the arrangements nominally made in 1878. 50,000 Turkish and Kurdish troops started the offensive in Sasun, where 500 fedayees had to defend 20,000 unarmed people. The Armenian National Assembly also had the power to elect the Armenian Governor by a local Armenian legislative council. Historian A. Tchamkerten writes "Armenian achievements in the Empire was not only in trade, however. [28] In a general assembly meeting in 1907, the ARF acknowledged that the Armenian and Turkish revolutionaries had the same goals. The combined deportations and massacres during World War I acquired the dimensions of total genocide and was implemented by the Young Turks who had removed Abdul-Hamid from the throne in 1909. The Armenians, in addition to paying taxes to the State, voluntarily imposed extra burdens on themselves in order to support these philanthropic agencies. [2] These movements within the Ottoman Empire grew greatly especially in the 19th century when the Russo-Turkish wars, and later the beginning of anti-Armenian violence were the reasons for famine and destruction in many areas of the Armenian Highlands. The first notable battle in the Armenian resistance movement took place in Sassoun, where nationalist ideals were proliferated by Hunchak activists, such as Mihran Damadian and Hampartsoum Boyadjian. Such education was under the direction of lay committees. Thus their critical instinct was positive, rather than negative. An Entity of Type: Concept, from Named Graph: http://dbpedia.org, within Data Space: dbpedia.org Property Value; dbo:wikiPageIDwikiPageID When war broke out leaders of theMuslim-majorityOttoman Empire feared the sympathies of many Armenians, particularly Orthodox Christians, lay with the neighboring Orthodox Christian-majority Russian Empire. The Armenians were headed by Andranik Ozanian along with Kevork Chavoush, Sepasdatsi Mourad, Keri, Hrayr Tjokhk, and others.[27]. Such education was under the direction of lay committees. The atrocities between 1920-1922 were committed by the Nationalist Turks who seized power in the Anatolian hinterland in the final years of the Ottoman Empire and created the Turkish Republic. One of the main theatres of war was the Armenian Highlands, many of whose inhabitants were forced to leave their homes and settle in the western provinces of the Ottoman Empire. The deportations took more than a year to complete. Where was Armenia in the Ottoman Empire? The Armenians of Sassoun confronted the Ottoman army and Kurdish irregulars at Sassoun, succumbing to superior numbers. The genocide "officially" started on April 14, 1915, a day in which "prominent members of the Ottoman Armenian community were . The Armenian people living in the Ottoman provinces of eastern Anatolia, like other non-Turkish and non-Muslim subjects of the Empire, had long suffered from systematic discrimination and, at times, harsh persecution. It aimed to introduce reforms to the Armenian citizens of the empire. [18] The Armenian question explains the forty years of Armenian-Ottoman history in the context of English, German, Russian politics between 1877 and 1914. How many Armenians were there in the Ottoman Empire? 4. [22] The Softas took no part in it, and many Armenians found refuge in the Muslim sections of the city.[22]. Certain elite Armenian families in the Ottoman Empire gained the trust of the Sultans and were able to achieve important positions in the Ottoman government and the Ottoman economy. [11] An Armenian stronghold and a symbol of factual Armenian autonomy, Zeitoun (Ulnia) was located between the Six Vilayets and Cilicia, which also had a strong Armenian presence ever since the creation of the Principality (and then Kingdom) of Lesser Armenia. Vice-Consul Devey to Colonel Chermside, pp. Despite the level of violence the incident had wrought, the takeover was reported positively in the European press, praising the men for their courage and the objectives they attempted to accomplish. They were involved in almost all economic sectors and held the highest levels of responsibility. In Sasun, Armenian activists were working to arm the folk and to recruit young men by motivating them to the Armenian cause. [23] The Softas took no part in it, and many Armenians found refuge in the Muslim sections of the city.[23]. [4] He related that the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians.[5]. cit., Inclosure in no. European powers on the other side, engaged in a power struggle to safeguard their militaristic, strategic and commercial interests in the Empire, this gave motivation to the powers to help people in need. New Zealand at War 102. Despite the level of violence the incident had wrought, the takeover was reported positively in the European press, praising the men for their courage and the objectives they attempted to accomplish. There was local Armenian resistance in the region, developed against the activities of the Ottoman Empire. Hayastane michazkayin divanakitutyan ew sovetakan artakin kaghakakanutyan pastateghterum, 18281923 (Armenia in the documents of international diplomacy and Soviet foreign policy, 18281923). The patriarchal system of government, in placing civil powers in the hands of high ecclesiastics, was an outcome of the fact that the Sultan made no distinction between church and community, and often lent the weight of its authority to maintain the integrity of the church. Beginning in 1839, the Ottoman government implemented the Tanzimat reforms to improve the situation of minorities, although these would prove largely ineffective. [23] On 27 July 1890, Harutiun Janglian, Mihran Damadian and Hambartsum Boyajian interrupted the Armenian mass to read a manifesto and denounce the indifference of the Armenian patriarch and Armenian National Assembly. Interview with Ronald Suny, Kennan Institute Title VIII Short-term Scholar, and Professor of History, University of Michigan, on August 11, 2014.Kennan Institute Project "The Armenian Genocide, 1915-1916." Malinkin: Can you talk a bit about why the Turkish government perceived the Armenians and Assyrians as a threat, and why they chose such an extreme approach to handle them? This period also marked the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. About us. However, intervention on part of the European diplomats in the city managed to persuade the men to give, assigning safe passage to the survivors to France. In the final analysis we are convinced that Armenian Van, Palou or Erzurum of the Ottoman era cannot be separated from Yozgat or Bardizag far to the west. During the 15th century, Armenia was absorbed into the mighty Ottoman Empire. In the competition for land, official licensing of the Kurds in eastern Anatolia encouraged the unlawful transfer of property, the dispossession of the rural Armenian population and their emigration from their homeland. It was not uncommon to have three priests for thirty-five families. [24] This was followed by Zeitun Rebellion (189596), which took place between 1891 and 1895, Hunchak activists toured various regions of Cilicia and Zeitun to encourage resistance, and established new branches of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party. Thus their critical instinct was positive, rather than negative. Armenian dwellings were adapted to the extremes of temperature in the highlands of Western Armenia (renamed Eastern Anatolia in 1941). The events of the Hamidian massacres and Sultan Abdul Hamid IIs continued anti-Armenian policies[27] gave way for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation to plan an assassination attempt on the sultan to enact vengeance. The Second Constitutional Era of the Empire began shortly after Sultan Abdlhamid II restored the constitutional monarchy after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution. The three major European powers: Great Britain, France and Russia (known as the Great Powers), took issue with the Empire's treatment of its Christian minorities and increasingly pressured the Ottoman government (also known as the Sublime Porte) to extend equal rights to all its citizens. Armenia as Xenophon saw it. The leaders who ordered the deportations and the local Ottoman police, Jendarma paramilitaries and Kurdish auxiliaries who carried the ordersout therefore stand accused of crimes against humanity. The net effect of the Ottoman era is summed up then in the violent transformation of historic Armenia into Turkey. Andranik participated in the First Balkan War alongside Nzhdeh as a Chief Commander of 12thBattalion of Lozengrad Third Brigade of the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan militia under the command of Colonel Aleksandar Protogerov. A significant number of Armenians also lived beyond the eastern border of the Ottoman Empire, in territory held by Russia. Those Armenians who did not support national liberation aspirations or who were neutral were called chezoks. Noteworthy, however, the term "Ottoman System" conveys a sense of structural rigidity that probably was nonexistent throughout the Ottoman period. To the Armenians, and to many foreign observers, the deportation orderamounted tomuch more than a series of atrocities, no matter how individually shockingeach was. [14] Alex Manoogian who became a philanthropist and active member of the Armenian General Benevolent Union was from Ottoman lands (modern Izmir), Arthur Edmund Carewe, born Trebizond, become an actor in the silent film era. Armenian Genocide, campaign of deportation and mass killing conducted against the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire by the Young Turk government during World War I (1914-18). The peasants were agriculturists. Harutiun Janglian (member from Van) tried to assassinate the Patriarch of Istanbul. Armenians had participated in all aspects of Ottoman life and had made major contributions to Turkish commerce, industry, architecture, and even music. [25] The Hamidian massacres are named for Sultan Abdul Hamid II, whose efforts to reinforce the territorial integrity of the embattled Ottoman Empire resulted in the massacres. Misrule in Armenia prompted the Great Powers to obligate Sultan Abdul-Hamid (Abdulhamit) II to reform provincial administration according to the terms of the 1878 Treaty of Berlin. Here's what it means. [19] The Armenian national liberation movement was the Armenian national effort to free the historic Armenian homeland of eastern Asia Minor and Transcaucasus from Russian and Ottoman domination and re-establish the independent Armenian state. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation also played a significant role in arming the people of the region. Armenian people, related to the issues of their own internal affairs were administered by the civil administration. The three communities of Jews, Greeks and Armenians were virtually autonomouswithin the empire." ~ P.F. Armenians were allowed to establish their own courts of justice for the purpose of administering justice and conducting litigation between Armenians, and for deciding all questions relating to marriage, divorce, estate, inheritance, etc., appertaining to themselves. This discriminatory system was institutionalized through the so-called millet system which permitted the Armenians communal autonomy as a religious minority, much as the Greeks and Jews, while depriving them from all forms of political participation. [21] The Bashkaleh Resistance was on the Persian border, which the Armenakans were in communication with Armenians in the Persian Empire. After years of avoiding the topic, the U.S. government now officially views the killing of 1.5 million Armenians by the Ottoman Empire a century ago as genocide. The Armenian national ideology developed long after the Greek movement. This time there was a mass emigration towards the western regions, which were inside Byzantine borders. Armenians in the Ottoman Empire (or Ottoman Armenians) mostly belonged to either the Armenian Apostolic Church or the Armenian Catholic Church. In 1863, the Armenian National Constitution (Ottoman Turkish:"Nizmnme-i Millet-i Ermeniyn") was Ottoman Empire approved. There were approximately 1.5 million Armenians living in the multiethnic Ottoman Empire in 1915. Beginning in 1863, education was available to all subjects, as far as funds permitted it. During the meeting, an alliance between the two parties was officially declared. The Armenian reform package was an arrangement negotiated with Russia, acting on behalf of the Great Powers, and the Ottoman Empire. Thus it was that many Armenians settled in Smyrna, Istanbul, Adana, Aleppo, as far as cities like Baghdad, Damascus or Beirut that were even further away. Encyclopedia Entries on the Armenian Genocide. The Armenians were headed by Andranik Ozanian along with Kevork Chavoush, Sepasdatsi Mourad, Keri, Hrayr Tjokhk, and others. Contents 1 Background 2 The Role of Armenians in the Ottoman Economy Meet the NZHistory team, Ottoman Empire enters the First World War, Collapse of the Ottoman Empire, 1918-1920. The Ottoman Empire was in existence from 1300 to 1923. The seizure of the bank lasted 14 hours, resulting in the deaths of 10 of the Armenian men and Ottoman soldiers. It established freedom of belief and equality of all citizens before the law. Overview of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, For the Armenians in the same region today, see, Administrative regions and provinces of the, Assassination attempt on Sultan Abdul Hamid II, 1905. M. Patiguian to M. Koulaksizian, pp. 1 (1889), op. Some German military personnel attached to the Ottoman Army, outraged at what they had seen or heard, also spoke out. Its true that during the entire Ottoman government period these regions continued to be the provinces with the densest Armenian population. The Armenian National Assembly also had the power to elect the Armenian Governor by a local Armenian legislative council. [31]:35 There were overwhelming numbers of Armenians who served the Empire units with distinction during Balkan wars. According to Ottoman archival records, 517,955 Turkish were killed by Armenians between 1916 and 1922. According to this arrangement the inspectors general, whose powers and duties constituted the key to the question, were to be named for a period of ten years, and their engagement was not to be revocable during that period. Sir W. White to the Marquis of Salisbury-(Received 9 August), p. 4; ibid., Inclosure 1 in no. The Armenian people living in the Ottoman provinces of eastern Anatolia, like other non-Turkish and non-Muslim subjects of the Empire, had long suffered from systematic discrimination and, at times, harsh persecution. [23] This was followed by Zeitun Rebellion (189596), which took place between 1891 and 1895, Hunchak activists toured various regions of Cilicia and Zeitun to encourage resistance, and established new branches of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party. Armenian Genocide. We unlock the potential of millions of people worldwide. In reality the area that eventually became the Ottoman Empire contained the lands of ancient Armenian royal dynasties, from antiquity to the Middle Ages. Turks and Armenians: Nationalism and Conflict in the Ottoman Empire Paperback - April 24, 2015 by Justin McCarthy (Author) 17 ratings Hardcover from $103.71 2 Used from $103.71 Paperback $19.99 2 Used from $12.98 1 New from $19.99 Professor Justin McCarthy provides a framework for understanding Ottoman-Armenian relations. Armenian survivors accounts are full of reports of large-scale massacres, deliberate starvation, beatings, rape, torture and, in the case of children and young women, abduction and forced conversion to Islam. Ottoman officials involved in the Sasun uprising, who were previously defeated in the First Zeitoun Rebellion, did not want the formation of another semi-autonomous Armenian region in the "Eastern" vilayets. The so-called "Armenian Question" came into conversation in the late 19th Century, as European powers began to observe the Ottoman Empire's mistreatment of its Christian minorities. The evidence was presented in courts-martial and guilty verdicts handed down, confirming the mass scale state-sponsored policy of extermination. Indeed, it is widely claimed that the Armenians were victims of a deliberate genocide perpetrated by the Ottoman authorities an accusation that Turkey continues to deny. amzn_assoc_title = ""; Hayastane michazkayin divanakitut'yan ew sovetakan artakin kaghakakanut'yan pastateghterum, 18281923 (Armenia in the documents of international diplomacy and Soviet foreign policy, 18281923). Armenians in the Ottoman Empire lived under the millet system as a Christian minority up until the Tanzimat reforms which concluded in the construction of the first Ottoman constitution. The government of the Republic of Turkey, which today controls all of Anatolia, rejects the claim that their Ottoman predecessors deliberately committed genocide against their Armenian subjects. [15], The Eastern Question gained even more traction by the late 1820s, due to the Greek Enlightenment and Greek War of Independence setting an example for making independence against the Ottomans, and along with several countries of the Balkans, frustrated with conditions, had, often with the help of the Powers, broken free of Ottoman rule. The 1896 Ottoman Bank takeover was perpetrated by an Armenian group armed with pistols, grenades, dynamite and hand-held bombs against the Ottoman Bank in Istanbul. Muslim Those in Cilicia were able to found a kingdom which existed until 1375.One thing is clear: the Armenian Highlands, even before the advent of the Ottomans, was subject to mass emigration, occupation by empires and the settlement there of other peoples. Constantinople become the real center of their ecclesiastical and national life. The Armenian population took part in and enriched just about every aspect of life in the Ottoman Empire. [6], After many centuries of Turkish rule in Anatolia and Armenia (at first by the Seljuks, then a variety of Anatolian beyliks and finally the Ottomans), the centres with a high concentration of Armenians lost their geographic continuity (parts of Van, Bitlis, and Kharput vilayets). The Eastern Question (normally dated to 1774) is used in European history to refer to the diplomatic and political problems posed by the decay of the Ottoman Empire during the 18th century; including instability in the territories ruled by the Ottoman Empire. The term Genocide was coined by Polish-Jewish lawyer Raphael Lemkin in 1944, whose family was one of the victims of the Jewish Holocaust. Also Armenians were allowed the right to establish their own prisons for the incarceration of offending Armenians, and in no case should an Armenian be imprisoned in an Ottoman prison. [25] The years between 1894 and 1896 ended, with estimates of the dead ranging from 80,000 to 300,000. Many of his works are still scattered in Armenian periodicals. It aimed to introduce reforms to the Armenian citizens of the empire. Abdul Hamid II was the 34th Sultan and oversaw a period of decline in the power and extent of the Empire, ruling from 31 August 1876 until he was deposed on 27 April 1909. In 1461, Hovagim I was brought to Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II and established as the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople which the office was created solely with a political purpose. His authority over his clergy being absolute, he could imprison or exile them at will; and while he was compelled to secure the consent of the Sultan to imprison or exile laymen of his community, the necessary firman was very easily obtained. The Ottoman Empire was beginning to crumble and nationalism was growing among individual ethnic groups as the world drifted toward The Great War and when Armenian farmers and merchants. This time great numbers of Armenian men emigrated to the prosperous towns and cities in western Anatolia and Cilicia. The first notable battle in the Armenian resistance movement took place in Sassoun, where nationalist ideals were proliferated by Hunchak activists, such as Mihran Damadian and Hampartsoum Boyadjian. Thus, again as a result of an imperial initiative, great numbers of Armenians settled in the Sivas, Arabgir, Cilicia and Kayseri regions. In 1915 Armenians lived in all the major cities of the Ottoman Empire, Van, Bitlis, Erzerum, Kharpert, Sivas, Trebizond, Konya, Kayseri, Adana, Izmir, Bursa, Edirne, and many others. 50,000 Turkish and Kurdish troops started the offensive in Sasun, where 500 fedayees had to defend 20,000 unarmed people. For safety, the houses were huddled together. The taxes to the State did not have direct return to Armenians in such cases. Dashnak members, led by ARF founder Christapor Mikaelian, secretly started producing explosives and planning the operation in Sofia, Bulgaria. The Ottoman Empire Opposition leaders including Ahmed Riza (liberal), Sabahheddin Bey, and ARF member Khachatur Maloumian attended. By the late 1880's there approximately 2.500.000 Armenian people living in the Ottoman Empire. Probably, before the Ottoman conquest in 1453 there had been no Armenian churches in Constantinople. The Armenian National Assembly had wide-ranging functions. By so doing he also restricted the economic role of the Armenians, a program which enjoyed popular support among the Turks. In some Armenian circles, this event was considered as a martyrdom and brought other armed conflicts. The Armenian millet (Turkish, Ermeni millet) existed in the Ottoman Empire as an institution devised by the sultans to govern the Christian population of the Monophysite churches. Armenian people, related to the issues of their own internal affairs were administered by the civil administration. At the capital the patriarch had his own jail, and maintained a small police force. The civil system was considered a check on the military system since beys, who represented executive authority on reaya, could not carry out punishment without a sentence from the religious leader of the person. The position of France changed several times over the centuries. Gallipoli and the Balkans The reformist period peaked with the Constitution, called the Kann- Ess (meaning "Basic Law" in Ottoman Turkish), written by members of the Young Ottomans, which was promulgated on 23 November 1876. Although the Tanzimat reforms had given Armenians more rights and seats in the parliament, the ARF hoped to gain autonomy to govern Armenian populated areas of the Ottoman Empire as a state within a state. Most Armenians travelled on horseback to neighbouring villages, sometimes for religious ceremonies (like the Van festival), sometimes to fetch a bride, accompanying her, with musical instruments and clapping of hands, to their own village. inheritance, etc., appertaining to themselves. Islamic culture did not separate religious and secular matters. In the 1890s, hundreds of thousands of Armenians were killed in the Hamidian . Armenians occupied important posts within the Ottoman Empire, Artin Dadyan Pasha served as Minister of foreign affairs of the Ottoman Empire from 1876 to 1901 and is an example that Armenian citizens served the Ottoman Empire. In 1915, to ensure that the Armenians could never follow the example blazed by the Balkan peoples and create an Armenian nation-state in Anatolia, the government of the Ottoman empire put an effective end to the Armenian existence in Anatolia, killing off as many as a million through deportations and massacre. (Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian: The man and his work. This became a problem for the Russian administration, which peaked during 1897 when Tsar Nicholas appointed the Armenophobic Grigory Sergeyevich Golitsin as governor of Transcaucasia, and Armenian schools, cultural associations, newspapers and libraries were closed. The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the vicinity of Bilecik and St by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman. In 1863, the Armenian National Constitution (Ottoman Turkish:Nizmnme-i Millet-i Ermeniyn) was Ottoman Empire approved. Certainly each of them has its internal multi-natured refinements, idiosyncrasies. amzn_assoc_linkid = "670d131a0e678cb34644c745680d8073"; The Ottoman Empire was the state responsible for the Armenian Genocide. During this period Armenians would establish a church, a school, a library, and a newspaper. for deciding all questions relating to marriage, divorce, estate, In 1915 the Turkish government set a plan to massacre Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire. A Question of Genocide Ronald Grigor Suny 2011-02-02 One hundred years after the deportations and mass murder of Armenians, Greeks, Assyrians, and other peoples in the final years of the Ottoman Empire, the history of the Armenian genocide is a victim of historical distortion, state-sponsored falsification, and deep divisions between Armenians . Armenians charge that the campaign was a deliberate attempt to destroy the Armenian people and, thus, an act of genocide. [18] Mikrtich issued a decree permitting women to have equal votes with men and asking them to take part in all elections. Until the promulgation of the Hatt-i Sherif of 1839, the patriarch and his clients, within limits, possessed penal authority over the Armenian people. Sultan Mehmed II wanted Armenian-Greek separation. were allowed to establish their own courts of justice for the purpose of . Almost 100 years ago, more than 1 million people died in the midst of the Armenian genocide.

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