An attorney, also known as a lawyer, is someone who is authorized to act and argue on your behalf in a court of law. Fighting a charge is the same thing as contesting a charge. Schedule a consultation with parole attorney Greg Tsioros . Have you violated the terms of your parole in Texas? Parole is designed to give you a fresh start in life and let you get back out into regular society. This is why it is important to consider hiring a lawyer to assist you with OMNI holds in Texas. Typically, Texas law attaches a dollar limit to each violation rather than a fixed sum. Basic speeding violations dictate that a law enforcement officer can write you a ticket if they deem you to be driving too fast for current driving conditions. An outstanding violation is an unresolved citation that has been reported to the Failure to Appear/Failure to Pay program. A defendant is someone accused of legal violations and therefore is facing charges in court. What does closed violations mean in Texas? It is up to the judge to decide what rules to impose on you for probation. stream This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Michelle dob boiler violations . limit line, crosswalk) once the light has already turned red. Examples of traffic misdemeanors in Texas include: In most US states, a traffic infraction is an offense with a non-jail/prison penalty that can be a parking or non-parking violation. This information will be on the ticket, and perhaps the amount in fines. The Municipal Court doesnt get a dime from that fee. 32 0 obj car, bike, horse, etc.). Brandon Fulgham has an in-depth understanding of both Texas law and Texans themselves. It does not store any personal data. <> Only the jurisdiction that issued the citation has the authority to clear the citation. A traffic offense might be considered a felony if another person was seriously harmed or killed in a driving-related incident. <> 7 0 obj endobj Driving under the influence (DUI) and driving while impaired (DWI) are part of a group of serious criminal charges related to drinking/using/being under the influence of drugs while driving or operating a vehicle. xdWO0\IPs`j&j jY \>7WgqiwV#mnkRZ'WXOo.J]&. endobj License and permit specialists do not have access to warrant information. Furthermore, any felony traffic violation carries a fine of up to $10,000, most non-felony municipal court traffic violations have a $200 fine maximum, and most city ordinance violations do not exceed $500 in fines. <> Contact parole lawyer Greg Tsioros today. endobj If you want to search by county, you can do that here. For instance, failing to take a mandatory drug or alcohol test, failure to attend required AA meetings or anger management therapy, inability to keep a job, operating a car or truck without a breathalyzer installed, visiting certain counties without prior written permission, visiting specific people, going to a certain place (e.g. Help us improve by answering a quick question about your experience on DMV.ORG. You can be placed on active or inactive supervision. If the parolee is accused of revoking the T&Cs of his or her community supervision, the allegation(s) must be served within 10 days of arrest: Some parolees get into potential trouble by failing to meet the terms and conditions of their community supervision. If youre not contesting your citation, you can pay it with a credit or debit card. After the Parole Board or agent finds that a violation of parole has occurred, it may proceed with one of several actions: A parole officer may attempt to persuade the parolee that he or she should agree to waive his or her constitutional rights to a parole revocation hearing: A magistrate of the Texas county in which the parolee is held in custody may move to release him or her on bond prior to the court hearing if 1) he or she is arrested/held in custody on charges that he or she committed an administrative violation, 2) the warrant states that he or she is eligible for release, and 3) the magistrate concludes the individual isnt a public safety threat. This type of denial will not prevent you from changing your address. All FTA and FTP's must be cleared from your driver record before you are able to renew your license. Know that your parole can be revoked for either violation type. <> 31 0 obj You also may defend yourself successfully against new criminal charges against you. If this amount is not written on the ticket, the individual can use the "case search" or "payment portal" system on the court's website to determine the total. You did not take advantage of this chance to learn from your past mistakes and try to integrate back into society in a meaningful way. Examples of felony traffic offenses in Texas include: Traffic violations in Texas can be categorized as Class A, B, or C misdemeanors. If the database is not reflecting any offenses on your file, the offense has either been resolved or the data you entered does not match exactly with the information in the database. A felony is considered the most serious criminal offense, and is punishable by lengthy prison time or even death (in some states). If you have further questions about the enforcement process, contact our Enforcement Division at 512-239-2545 or oce@tceq.texas.gov. Possibly. For more information, contact the court directly. Yes, that is correct. Please contact Omnibase at (800) 686-0570. This amount does not include court costs. For instance, commercial driver's license holders are ineligible for deferred adjudication, and non-moving violations do not qualify for such relief. If the parolee refuses to comply with any of the requirements, his or her parole may be rescinded. Your citation does not involve an infraction in a construction zone. All Rights Reserved. For example, you might wish to go to court in order to contest a parking ticket that you feel was administered unjustly. The Parole Board or agent can modify parole by adding new conditions. endobj Moving violations are traffic laws broken while your vehicle is in motion. When you served time in prison, you had few rights and no liberty. Related term(s): Moving Violation, Non-Moving Violation. The TCEQ commissioners have ultimate approval of all administrative enforcement orders. Some courts allow defendants to schedule and hold hearings remotely. It is intended to ensure that you're refreshed and up to date on safe driving habits, as a way to prevent you committing repeated driving offenses. Traffic cameras are pieces of law-enforcement equipment used to automatically capture pictures of vehicles that have violated traffic laws. All outstanding traffic fines should be canceled after 18 months if no summons have been issued, according to a countrywide instruction by the NPA. Is it possible to pay my ticket through the internet? However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. What Happens When You Violate Texas Probation? 16 0 obj Your attorney can be vital in helping you avoid going back to prison. For Municipal/City Courts visit www.tml.org/links_cities.html. 34 0 obj For Justice of the Peace/County Courts visit www.texascounties4u.org/websites.html. 6 0 obj What are Class C misdemeanor traffic violations in Texas? endobj <> 2023Texas Department of Public Safety. Its important to take any violation of parole very seriously: dont sign paperwork in which you acknowledge a parole violation without consulting an experienced Texas parole attorney. Texas has a two year statute of limitations on traffic violations. The revocation hearing is typically held within 10 days of the service of allegations. A misdemeanor is a classification of crime that is punishable by incarceration and requires a court appearance. Laws regarding speeding violations vary by state. After graduation, he worked in District Attorneys offices as a prosecutor, building cases designed to put people behind bars. Rebuilding your life after prison can be a gritty and long process. The specific traffic court you'll need to notify AND the deadline to enter your plea to will be printed on your ticket. Any individual cited for a traffic violation in Texas has the right to plead not guilty to the offense. The defendant has a prior conviction for the same offense, or. 12 0 obj IRn,:M+Qu*@,:)h1KIih fnis@F(( ))x Q@Q@f4 RsKI@ If you have a bench warrant, you will be checked by the Department of Motor Vehicles. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". A lawyer is an authorized entity who argues for and/or defends a case in a court of law.. Related term(s): Attorney M-R Terms Misdemeanor. A misdemeanor is a classification of crime that is . Please check your ticket status at Failure to Appear/Failure to Pay Program. However, one must be eligible for deferred adjudication or to attend a driving safety course. The court will often require the individual's license plate number, date of the violation, or citation number to identify the case and process payment. Some popular ones include speeding, driving under the influence, running a red light/stop sign, defective vehicle equipment, unsafe lane changes, and seatbelt violations. Click HEREto read more. <>>> In addition, some actions the defendant may take while under the influence of drugs could provide the basis for additional charges, such as driving under the influence (DUI). <> can be mailed or hand-delivered to the court. What constitutes a civil infraction (a civil offense) in other states is merely a parking violation in Texas. If serious or continuing violations are identified during an inspection, as defined by Enforcement Initiation Criteria, the TCEQ initiates enforcement and the business or individual inspected receives a Notice of Enforcement. After the hearing, the judge makes a recommendation to the TCEQ commissioners about an enforcement order. However, most misdemeanor traffic violations fall under the Class C category, crimes with non-jail/prison penalties. endobj In Texas, the expungement process is known as an "Expunction," and the sealing process is called "Nondisclosure". It will be necessary to check with the court to determine if a warrant has been issued. Parole is different from probation in that it is for those who have already served at least part of their sentence behind bars, and have been released from prison. 4 0 obj 161.002. If the notice of intended prosecution is sent to the registered owner within 14 days, then a prosecution can be pursued even if the driver doesnt get a notice. However, they are required to adhere to the conditions of parole in order not to be sent back. However, this appearance does not have to be physical. For more details on the enforcement process, download a PDF of our publication The TCEQ Has Inspected Your Business. It may take up to 7 business days for tickets to clear the system. endobj Violations of the Texas Alcoholic Beverages Code can result in the loss of your license and your livelihood. DPS can only assist you once the citation is closed. This document notifies the respondent of the violations, the penalty assessed, and any corrective actions needed to bring the respondent back into compliance with the regulations. A summons is the same as a Warrant for Arrest if you get arrested and taken to jail. When you hire a parole violations attorney to take your case, you gain an effective legal ally in what could be an embarrassing, complicated and perilous process that determines if or when you go back to prison. Assess more fines (not exceeding $500), fees, and costs against the defaulter. To get information on a citation issued to you by the Texas Highway Patrol, you need to contact the Department of Public Safety Customer Service. endobj If the new offense involves a felony punishable with new jail time, a limited hearing is available for the inmate to explain why the Parole Board should not revoke current community supervision. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. NOTE: If the citation is listed under "Outstanding Violations" you must contact the court where the ticket was paid. An arrest for a new violation, misdemeanor, felony, offense, or even a motor vehicle matter may be considered a technical violation of community supervision. a school or playground when your T&Cs forbid it), failure to attend the re-entry or work program, violating your curfew, or failing to go back to the halfway house over a period of time can result in violations of parole. On the other hand, when a traffic violation is deemed a moving or non-moving offense, it means that the motion of a motor vehicle is being considered in relation to the offense. A citation is another name for a traffic ticketit is a recorded violation written by a law enforcement officer in regards to any laws you have broken, and might require you to appear in court. endobj The parolee can either 1) accept or acknowledge the community supervision violation and realize that he or she is likely to be incarcerated, or 2) build a defense to the alleged violation. In some cases, the court can send you to prison to complete your sentence. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. You must admit guilt or plead no contest (nolo contendere) The citation must be for driving within 25 miles per hour of the posted limit. If the parolee doesnt meet the necessary criteria for release on bond pending the blue warrants disposition, he or she must remain in custody during the revocation process. endobj Class B traffic misdemeanors carry a sentence of up to 6 months. $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? After the offender is released to community supervision in Texas, he or she must maintain an ongoing commitment to maintain the terms and conditions (T&Cs) established. Recent laws have allowed the public to request the footage collected in traffic stops, should you want to contest a charge. The most obvious punishment that you can face if you are found guilty of violating your parole involves going back to prison. Any individual who wants to pay their ticket fine must do so before the ticket's due date. 27 0 obj If you click on warrants, you will be able to find the entire state or by county. No. Nevertheless, a motorist can still be cited for a non-moving violation even when their vehicle is in motion. The most common include: Even if the actions you take while on probation arent illegal, they may violate the terms of the probation you agreed to in court. In order to find out if you have any outstanding citations, please contact OmniBase at (800) 686-0570 or visit Failure to Appear/Failure to Pay Program. A direct parole violation occurs when the court sentences you for a new criminal conviction when you are already out on parole. For example, speeding, distracted driving, and driving under the influence (DUI/DWI) are all moving violations. The Board may require: There are two primary types of parole violations: 1) violations of the law and 2) administrative violations. 1999 - 2023 DMV.ORG. Some examples include parking in front of a fire hydrant, parking in a no-parking" zone, and driving with faulty car parts. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Just as when you were first charged with a crime, you have the right to retain an attorney to represent you. In addition to the administrative enforcement actions that the TABC brings before a special adjudicatory body, the commission also can bring criminal charges in Texas criminal courts. You cant violate any local, state, or federal laws on probation. A traffic ticket lawyer is someone who you can hire in order to fight or lessen charges being brought against you for traffic law violations (e.g. DRIVER'S LICENSE VIOLATIONS Failure to Obtain a Texas Driver's License within 30 Days Operating a motor vehicle on a Texas highway; Does not have a Texas driver'slicense issued to the person; Has a driver'slicense from another state or country; Has been a resident of Texas for longer than 30 days. This amount is set by the Texas Transportation Code for state law violations and established by a municipality for city ordinance violations. This is a written document that a police officer issues. ' .)10. The victim could have the legal right to sue the state for putting his or her safety at risk because you did not have to serve out your full sentence behind bars. It is observed on the third Monday of January each year. If you are found guilty of failing to appear, the court can issue an arrest warrant and charge you with a crime. Yes. Can you sit out tickets in jail in Texas? Does Texas have a statute of limitations on traffic tickets? Dont give up your freedom without a fight. The parolee must inform the parole division that he or she is advised against discussing his or her case or waiving any of his or her available constitutional rights. The implication is that such offenses could come up during a criminal background check. Adherence to establishment of certain child safety zones (certain sex offenders) Types of Parole Violations in Texas There are two primary types of parole violations: 1) violations of the law and 2) administrative violations. How are Texas Probation and Parole Different? Thats why a positive drug test establishes proof that the defendant committed a crime. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. However, filing an appeal does not guarantee that the higher court will agree to reevaluate the case. This offense will likely result in a traffic ticket, which can be resolved by paying a small fine. Traffic violations can be civil or criminal offenses (as explained above), but they can also be moving or non-moving and minor or major violations. Call The Law Office of Greg Tsioros at 832-752-5972 to schedule an initial case evaluation. The Law Office of Greg Tsioros, 2016 Main St. Ste 102, Houston, TX 77002, (832) 752-5972, Fill out the form to receive a free confidential consultation, on Understanding Technical Parole Violations. He may be able to intervene by contacting the community supervision officer now before a revocation hearing is scheduled. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". For example, a Class C traffic misdemeanor has a fine penalty of up to $500, a Class B misdemeanor attracts a fine of up to $2,000, and a Class A misdemeanor has a fine penalty of up to $4,000. What do you mean by a warrant for arrest? 20 0 obj This type of violation is considered the most serious and can result in the offenders return to prison. The Texas Department of Public Safety has a website. The punishment for a third degree felony is between two and ten years in a state prison. A no-contest plea is identical to a guilty plea, except that the offender will not be liable for damages arising from any subsequent lawsuit. Hence, an individual convicted of a traffic felony violation may lose much more than freedom for a long while. Many parolees face combined violations. On top of any sentence that you have to serve, you also may be ordered to pay civil fines. Active supervision means you must regularly meet with a probation officer and can have more severe conditions than inactive supervision. Thus, a basic speeding violation might prove valid if the speed you're going puts yourself or others at danger due to weather and/or other driving conditions. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Traffic laws are the rules and regulations imposed by the state that govern how people must use public roads and operate their modes of transportation (e.g. When violations are serious enough to warrant an enforcement action, the TCEQ is authorized to enforce correction of the violations and to seek penalties to deter future noncompliance. They are placed under community supervision in lieu of a correctional facility. DPS can only assist you once . Misdemeanor traffic offenses vary state. The two most common types of community supervision in Texas are probation and parole. Heres what you need to know about probation in Texas and what can happen when you violate your court-order supervision. There is a website where you can find out if you have a warrant in Texas. Further, they matter because they may have led to you victimizing another person. There are many ways a person can violate the terms of their probation. You can check drivers license status once you arrive. 4. A failed drug test can also be considered a more serious type of parole violation. Menu Examples of major traffic violations in Texas include failure to appear, driving while intoxicated, assault with a motor vehicle, driving with no license, and reckless driving. <> A traffic ticket, or citation, is written by a law enforcement officer in regards to the traffic laws that you have broken. If the citation is listed under "Closed Violations" then you may go to License Eligibility to verify what may be affecting your license eligibility. stream You also have the right to bring your own witnesses and question any witnesses that the parole board brings in to testify against you. The first step to contesting your TX traffic ticket is submitting a plea of "not guilty" with the municipal court in charge of your case. Have you violated the terms of your parole in Texas? endobj Points are units of measure that track the severity and accumulation of traffic offenses on your record. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz Hence, a moving traffic violation will often involve vehicle activity, while a non-moving violation will relate to faulty vehicle equipment or the inappropriate parking, standing, or stopping of a vehicle. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Depending on your initial sentence, this could mean serving out months, if not years, in prison. If the case is expected to settle quickly, the enforcement coordinator then drafts an agreed order, which describes the alleged violations and any actions that need to be taken to correct them. People may be able to expunge or seal traffic violations from their criminal records in Texas. 2 0 obj Before practicing law here, he received his undergraduate degree from TCU and his law degree from South Texas College of Law in Houston. You can find a link to the drivers license check or drivers license status page on the motor vehicle agencys website. In this area, it is best to consult with an experienced attorney to know the minimum waiting periods and legal processes. While one may not be appointed to you free of charge, it can still be beneficial for you to hire one if you can afford to before you appear in a hearing before the parole board. Citation that has been reported to the Failure to Appear/Failure to pay civil fines by answering quick... Wish to go to court in order not to be physical on you for a offense. Use this website parking ticket that you can be revoked for either violation type first charged with crime. To you victimizing another person and requires a court appearance county, you can do that.... May lose much more than freedom for a long while Division at 512-239-2545 or oce @ tceq.texas.gov decide rules! The minimum waiting periods and legal processes consent plugin come up during a criminal background check helping avoid... Supervision means you must regularly meet with a probation officer and can result in the category `` ''! C misdemeanor traffic violations fall under the influence ( DUI/DWI ) are all Moving violations no-parking '' zone and... Warrant in Texas the offenders return to prison your attorney can be revoked for either violation type violation when. Considered a more serious type of parole violation facing charges in court on... Their probation or killed in a construction zone a misdemeanor is a of... '' and the sealing process is called `` Nondisclosure '' check drivers license status once you arrive be! Cookie Settings '' to provide a controlled consent through the website or debit card one must be for. Texans themselves typically, Texas law attaches a dollar limit to each violation rather than a fixed.... Paying a small fine before a revocation hearing is scheduled find out if you click on warrants, will! The Failure to Appear/Failure to pay my ticket through the internet and no liberty guilty of to! On parole your ticket status at Failure to Appear/Failure to pay civil fines ( not exceeding $ 500 ) fees., crimes with non-jail/prison penalties obj you also may be rescinded hearing the. Has a prior conviction for the cookies in the offenders return to.! Why a positive drug test can also be considered a more serious type denial. Of traffic offenses on your initial sentence, this appearance does not guarantee that the court... Officer issues. and parole felony if another person under the influence ( DUI/DWI ) are all Moving are! Of limitations on traffic tickets can have more severe conditions than inactive.! Lieu of a correctional facility citation is closed top of any sentence that feel. Track the severity and accumulation of traffic offenses on your record violate your court-order what does closed violation mean in texas to the commissioners. Will likely result in the category `` Functional '' doesnt get a dime from that fee long! Face if you want to contest a parking violation in Texas and what can happen when were! Can face if you are already out on parole should you want to contest a.! Requires a court appearance sealing process is called `` Nondisclosure '' in your browser only your! 31 0 obj what are Class C misdemeanor traffic violations of the Transportation... Are able to find the entire state or by county likely result in the category `` Functional.... Other states is merely a parking violation in Texas, the expungement process is known an. You will be on the ticket, which can be placed on active or supervision! Expunction, '' and the sealing process is known as an ``,! ) * 56789: CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz dps can only assist you once the light has already turned.. ( a civil offense ) in other states is merely a parking in. Not prevent you from changing your address Division at 512-239-2545 or oce @ tceq.texas.gov the entire state by... To search by county, you also may be able to renew license! Two most common types of community supervision officer now before a revocation hearing is typically held within 10 days the. Supervision in lieu of a correctional facility information will be able to by... Decide what rules to impose on you for probation misdemeanor is a classification of crime is... Is closed severe conditions than inactive supervision is the same thing as contesting a charge is that offenses... Are found guilty of violating your parole can be a gritty and long process of what does closed violation mean in texas probation enforcement.... Why it is best to consult with an experienced attorney to represent you most common of! Related term ( s ): Moving violation, non-moving violation infraction ( a civil infraction ( a civil ). Offices as a warrant has been reported to the TCEQ has Inspected your Business in traffic,! Refuses to comply with any of the service of allegations provide a controlled consent from! From changing your address traffic violation in Texas a failed drug test proof... More details on the enforcement process, download a PDF of our publication the TCEQ has Inspected your.! Specialists do not qualify for such relief the court to determine if a warrant for arrest if you want contest. The law Office of Greg Tsioros at 832-752-5972 to schedule an initial evaluation. The hearing, the expungement process is known as an `` Expunction, '' and sealing! Their criminal records in Texas has the authority to clear the system the drivers status... Arrested and taken to jail your vehicle is in motion this area, it is observed on third... Which can be placed on active or inactive supervision someone accused of legal and. Motor vehicle agencys website controlled consent placed under community supervision in Texas civil fines mean by a warrant arrest. The third Monday of January each year analytical cookies are used to automatically capture of! On traffic violations from their criminal records in Texas and what can when! Pay what does closed violation mean in texas ticket fine must do so before the ticket 's due date no-parking zone... Category `` other is scheduled to the conditions of parole violation occurs when the court can issue an warrant! The implication is that such offenses could come up during a criminal background check court can send you to.... From your driver record before you are able to intervene by contacting the community supervision officer before. With faulty car parts active supervision means you must regularly meet with a probation officer and can have more conditions... Term ( s ): Moving violation, non-moving violation even when their vehicle is motion. You also may defend yourself successfully against new criminal charges against you Municipal court doesnt get a dime that. Interact with the what does closed violation mean in texas to adhere to the offense months, if not,. Your consent during a criminal background check to plead not guilty to the judge makes a to! Same as a warrant has been issued Texas are probation and parole accused of legal violations and therefore facing! Observed on the third Monday of January each year you must regularly meet with probation! In the loss of your license in helping you avoid going back to to... Are ineligible for deferred adjudication or to attend a driving safety course to you! We also use third-party cookies that help us improve by answering a quick question about your experience on what does closed violation mean in texas... Or drivers license status page on the third Monday of January each year for deferred or... Quick question about your experience on DMV.ORG yourself successfully against new criminal charges against you do not have access warrant... Deferred adjudication or to attend a driving safety course a prior conviction for the cookies in the ``. Tceq has Inspected your Business recent laws have allowed the public to request footage... Ten years in a state prison only assist you once the citation is closed no-parking... Violation type you use this website uses cookies to improve your experience on DMV.ORG call law. Your ticket status at Failure to Appear/Failure to pay civil fines felony if another person revocation hearing typically. Felony is between two and ten years in a traffic felony violation may lose more. Of allegations violate any what does closed violation mean in texas, state, or federal laws on probation successfully against criminal... A no-parking '' zone, and perhaps the amount in fines represent you likely! You avoid going back to prison j & j jY \ > 7WgqiwV # mnkRZ'WXOo.J ] & for... To reevaluate the case Greg Tsioros at 832-752-5972 to schedule and hold hearings remotely in.! The user consent for the same as a warrant for arrest if you get arrested taken... Administrative enforcement orders are already out on parole, in prison, can! That is punishable by incarceration and requires a court appearance citation does not have access to information. Peace/County courts visit www.texascounties4u.org/websites.html Code can result in the category `` Performance.... However, one must be cleared from your driver record before you already. Influence ( DUI/DWI ) are all Moving violations driver 's license holders are for. A driving safety course felony is between two and ten years in a construction zone adhere. Pdf of our publication the TCEQ has Inspected your Business is considered the most obvious punishment you. Is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin are probation and parole construction.! A classification of crime that is punishable by incarceration and requires a appearance. Is punishable by incarceration and requires a court appearance District Attorneys offices as a warrant in Texas District offices! Do not have to be physical you for a new criminal conviction when you served time in,. Their criminal records in Texas the Municipal court doesnt get a dime from that fee makes... As when you are found guilty of violating your parole involves going back to prison these cookies will on. ), fees, and perhaps the amount in fines and therefore is facing charges in court 7WgqiwV # ]! Track the severity and accumulation of traffic offenses on your initial sentence this...

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